Hips continued. In jigotai-dachi oi-tsuki the hips are employed as described in walking stance, forward leaning stance and cat stances. The initial function of the hips is to generate power to the technique, after the force of the technique "passes" beyond the hips, the hips then root the body down on to (into) the foundation (final oi-tsuki posture differs from the other stances) thereby discontinuing the travel of the hips towards the side, in this description. In kibadachi niahanchi stance while executing defensive or offensive techniques to the side, the hips react to generate the action as in the straight forward target scenario. The first hip points forward (NOT toward the side "target"), the second hip then directs the energy down into the stance. The exact procedure carries over to the naname zenkutsu-dachi slanted front-leg-bent stance (and ALL stances) when the technique is delivered to the side. The kosa-dachi movements differ because the pointing hip is also the rooting hip( 90%of the weight supported on one foot), the second hip(and foot) assist the delivery action and rooting down movement (10%), regardless of the direction of the punch or block. In the stances detailed in this post the hips relate more to the intended foundation than to the direction of the punch (or block). The hips wind up and instigate the technique while the feet set one's foundation. Instructors may physically describe the action by demonstrating it to the beginner student. There ARE some subtle exceptions to the principals described. The exceptions are dependent upon the stance (especially one-legged, kneeling ,back-leg-bent stance) and/or the target position in relation to the stance, also stepping (bodyshifting) to the side, back or to an angle. Arigato, Kyoshi Robert Scaglione.